Here, we review tissue and cell-specific aspects of estrogen from several perspectives: (I) estrogen synthesis, (II) estrogen receptors (ERs) and signaling pathways, and (III) the impact of estrogen in age-associated diseases.

Estrogen (also spelled oestrogen in British English; see spelling differences) is a category of sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. [1] [2] There are three major endogenous estrogens that have estrogenic hormonal activity: estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3).

Estrogens are a family of hormones synthe­sized in a variety of tissues. 1 7p-estradiol (E 2) is the primary estrogen of ovarian hormone. Cholesterol is the precursor of estrogen bio­synthesis. Cholesterol is metabolised to preg­nenolone by P 450 cleaved enzyme.

We provide an overview of estrogen biosynthesis, and we describe the main mechanisms by which the female sex hormone controls gene transcription in different tissues and cell types. Specifically, we address the molecular events governing regulation of gene expression via the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα, and ERβ) and the membrane estrogen ...

Objective: To review current knowledge regarding estrogen biosynthesis, its regulation and action, specifically concerning local as opposed to remote effects of this hormone, and to examine the effectiveness and prognostic value of monitoring hormone concentrations and endometrial response in cycles of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.

3 Biosynthesis and deactivation of estrogen by AIs. In pre-menopausal women, estrogen de novo production from cholesterol is carried out by six enzymes encoded by five genes specific to each enzyme. The estrogen synthesis initially occurs in the granulosa cells, corpus luteum of ovaries, and the placenta [38]. When cytosolic cholesterol enters ...

Estrogen is a fundamental regulator of the metabolic system of the female brain and body. Within the brain, estrogen regulates glucose transport, aerobic glycolysis, and mitochondrial function to generate ATP. In the body, estrogen protects against adiposity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes, and regulates energy intake and expenditure.

Three major forms of physiological estrogens are present in females: estrone (E1), estradiol (E2, or 17β-estradiol), and estriol (E3). E2 is the major product of the entire biosynthesis process and is the most potent estrogen during the premenopausal period.

Estrogens play important role in the physiology of various systems, such as cardiovascular, skeletal, and nervous system through regulating the biomolecules metabolism and controlling of energy homeostasis [1]. Studies showed that estrogen exerts physiological action in spermatogenesis at various stages.

2013年3月1日 · In this article we review tissue and cell-specific estrogen synthesis and estrogen receptor signaling in three parts: (i) synthesis and metabolism, (ii) the distribution of estrogen receptors and signaling, and (iii) estrogen functions and related disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and ...