A: Animal; ACE: Accessory cholera enterotoxin; H: Human; ZOT: Zonula occludens toxin.

The mucosal immune system is a critical first line of defense to infectious diseases, as many pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces, disrupting the balanced interactions between mucosal ...

Biological toxins are poisonous substances, either naturally produced by an animal, plant or microbial source; or their analogs may be synthesized in a laboratory. Unlike most other biohazards, ...

Recent studies have highlighted the pathogenic mechanisms of ETEC, which include the production of virulence factors such as colonization factors and enterotoxins that bind to intestinal cells and ...

Preclinical studies have demonstrated its efficacy in vaccines targeting pathogens such as ETEC, Shigella, polio, and HIV, among others ... Crothers, J.W. and E.B. Norton, Recent advances in ...