Ischemic malfunction of the papillary muscles was thought to cause mitral regurgitation as early as 1935, 8 and this mechanism was further emphasized by Burch and Phillips . . . Supported in ...

1 The papillary muscles, as integral parts of the mitral apparatus, are extremely vulnerable to ischemic injury because of the great mechanical stress to which they are subjected ...

This high-risk group includes patients with high-grade papillary stage Ta or T1 tumors and any patient with carcinoma in situ (CIS), and makes up 15–44% of patients with non-muscle-invasive ...