Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO; IDO1; INDO) is a rate-limiting enzyme that metabolizes the essential amino acid, tryptophan, into downstream kynurenines. Canonically, the metabolic depletion of ...

The increased IDO was associated with activated microglia. Besides, IDO can activate the kynurenine (KYN) pathway to convert tryptophan to KYN, while microglia was capable of converting KYN to ...

Microglia are a type of small macrophage-like glial cell in the central nervous system. Microglia can engage in phagocytosis, and are involved in immune responses within, as well as the ...

During development, there are known sex-related differences in how microglia function. But into adulthood, there was thought to be less variation in how they behave. Microglia maintain neuronal ...

Microglia, the brain's immune cells, exhibit altered gene expression and a weakened immune response as they age, potentially contributing to neurological disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation ...

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid required for the synthesis of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that governs mood, appetite, and sleep. Even though tryptophan is present in a variety of foods ...

Eating the right foods throughout the day could be the key to a good night’s rest. A growing body of research has found that some foods can help your body produce optimal levels of hormones that ...

Some tryptophan metabolites are essential for intestinal homeostasis, but activation of IDO pathway can be deleterious. AhR activation impacts intestinal epithelial cells proliferation and gut barrier ...