This course is about the Earth as a holistic system. You will be introduced to System thinking. The main focus of the course is on the various spheres - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and ...

A 'biological universe' exists in a gram of soil. Find out how the soil biota within this tiny universe transform energy, create and modify their habitat, influence soil health, and aid in the ...

The suspended sediment in water infers water quality, and directly reflects optical properties such as water transparency, turbidity, and water color. Thus, these physical properties provide a viable ...

This course addresses topics like material recycling across the geospheres and how mantle dynamics, volcanism and plate tectonics influence long-term, global environmental and climatic changes. Open ...