In addition, in cases of subclavian steal from the vertebral artery, there is a graded system showing a progressive change in the ipsilateral vertebral artery waveform. Grade I lesions demonstrate ...

Aside from the axillary artery, the subclavian arteries branch into the internal thoracic artery, vertebral artery, costocervical trunk, thyrocervical trunk, and dorsal scapular artery.

The vertebral artery is divided into four segments (V1–V4; Figure 1). The V1 segment originates at the subclavian artery and extends to the transverse foramina of either the fifth or sixth ...

Subclavian Steal Syndrome (SSS) is a condition that arises when there is a significant blockage or stenosis in the subclavian artery, which can lead to reversed blood flow in the vertebral artery.

Vertebral arteries: 4–12mL; Aortic arch injection [4 vessel study]: 20–50mL; max 150mL. Intra-arterial (Peripheral arteriography): Subclavian or femoral artery: 5–40mL; Aortic bifurcation ...