When building an atom, pay close attention to the particles' electrical charges. Protons have a charge of +1. Electrons have a charge of -1. Neutrons are neutral, as its name implies. A stable ...

This shift is something like a millionth of the energy of a typical electronic state in an atom ... distribution will have a non-zero dipole moment, which is what leads to the "shape of the ...

This process should form a peak in the accelerated electron distribution followed by radial diffusion to fill up the entire outer radiation belt. Moreover, as all the outer magnetized planets have ...