Changes to short stretches of nucleotides are called gene-level mutations, because these mutations affect the specific genes that provide instructions for various functional molecules, including ...

Since a change in the third nucleotide often does not alter amino acids, this redundancy is a safeguard against genetic ...

There are many different types of mutations which can arise in DNA. This diagram shows the normal order of the bases for one of the strands in a DNA molecule. Only one of the strands of DNA is ...

This DNA has suffered a mutation, either through mis-copying (when its parent cell divided), or through the damaging effects of exposure to radiation or a chemical carcinogen.