P, phosphate. How can only 25,000-30,000 protein-coding genes in humans produce the massive variety of proteins, cells, and tissues that exist in our bodies? The answer: alternative splicing.

By introducing light-gated channelrhodopsins into mitochondria, researchers achieved controlled ∆Ψm depolarization and induced cell death. However, the need for external light sources to ...

and an increase in the ATP/ADP ratio (1); the increased ATP/ADP ratio leads to closing of the potassium channel and depolarization of the cell (2); and cell depolarization opens a calcium channel ...